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Effect and the Importance of Methane to Climate Change

What is the Greenhouse Effect and the Importance of Methane to Climate Change

By Steve Evans

The greenhouse effect, also called the “greenhouse phenomenon” or “global warming”, has recently been receiving a great deal of scientific and popular attention. The term refers to a cause-and-effect relationship in which “heat blanketing” of the earth, due to trace gas increases in the atmosphere, is expected to result in global warming.

By global warming we mean an increase in the average temperature of the planet. Actually global warming is rather a confusing term because global warming does not mean that everywhere will be hotter all of the time, it just means that on average the globe will be warmer.

Now we just mentioned that “heat blanketing” is taking place, and that this is due to trace gases in our atmosphere. There are a number of so called ‘trace’ gases, which simply means gases that are present in the atmosphere at low levels, such that there is only a trace present (a small amount in proportion to the other gases). So it is these trace gases that are producing an effect which is like wrapping the world in a blanket. Just like any blanket, it has a net effect which holds the heat in.

These trace gases are increasing as the result of human activities. Scientists know this. It is easily measured historically by analyzing things like pack ice which was deposited in layers which layers can be readily dated and go back hundreds of thousands of years.

Carbon dioxide (chemically shown as CO2, which is simply a chemist’s shorthand way of telling us that it is a molecule made up from two Oxygen (O) molecules to each Carbon (C) molecule), is a trace gas.

The principal gases in approximate order of importance, are carbon dioxide, methane, the chlorofluorocarbons (considered collectively) and nitrous oxide.

Carbon dioxide is the trace gas scientists believe is contributing most to the “heat blanketing” and currently receives the most attention.

However, Carbon Dioxide is not the only trace gas which is implicated in climate change and methane is another which some have estimated to be over a third as much as that of carbon dioxide.

Gas from natural sources, cows and other ruminants, and natural sources where natural decomposition by fermentation produces methane, all contribute to the blanketing which is the cause of the greenhouse effect.

However, human activity is also responsible for a lot of methane gas production and Municipal Solid Waste Landfills have in turn been recognized to be a source of methane which is contributing to the atmospheric buildup.

However, the magnitude of the landfill methane contribution and the overall significance of landfill methane to the greenhouse effect have been uncertain, and the subject of some debate. But, as time goes on the evidence becomes stronger, and the fact of climate change is now accepted by the vast majority of scientists working in this field.

So, it appears that methane (using US waste generation data and remembering that the methane from United States landfills is a very large quantity) makes an important net contribution to the greenhouse phenomenon.

Landfill produces a lot of landfill gas which is largely methane. Measures to reduce landfill methane emissions are thought to be among the most economical steps which could be taken to address a component of this problem.

Global Warming Caused By the Green-House Effect

Global Warming Caused By the Green-House Effect

By George Christodoulou

The green-house effect is the most important cause behind global warming. In fact global warming is known as the greenhouse effect. This phenomenon leads to an increase in the Earth temperature due to certain gases like CO2, nitrous oxide, and methane. These gases trap the energy from the sun and without them the heat would go back into space and Earth would be one massive iceberg. Since these gases warm the Earth, they are known as greenhouse gases.

In the last couple of decades, people have started using glass houses to grow plants in winter and these are called greenhouses. Typically, these houses will trap the heat from the sun. The glasses in the greenhouse let the light through and at the same time prevent the heat from escaping.

As a result, the greenhouse heats up to keep the plants alive in the winter. Similarly, the greenhouse gases in the Earths atmosphere work like the glass and prevent the heat from escaping. The sunlight enters piercing through the cloud of greenhouse gases and when it reaches the Earths surface, it is absorbed by land, water, and air.

After absorption the same energy is sent back into the atmosphere. Some of it remains trapped in the atmosphere due to the greenhouse gases and this energy makes the Earth warmer. Since there has been an increase in CO2 emissions in the last couple of decades, more and more heat is being absorbed in the atmosphere. This is increasing the temperature of the Earth gradually and causing global warming.

How to Market in a Really Bad Economy

How to Market in a Really Bad Economy

By Louis Bernstein

Even if your company is doing well during a down economy, you need to make plans for customers who may start cutting back. They key is to shift your marketing from image-oriented marketing to direct response, measurable advertising.

If your business is already feeling the effects of a weakening economy here are some strategies you can use to market in a bad economy.

1. Place your focus on more direct forms of revenues versus “image advertising.” It’s time to show good, measurable results. Coupon redemption programs and the use of promo codes can be very effective. When the economy is down everyone is looking for bargains. With coupons and promo codes you also get to track what’s working and what isn’t.

2. Learn more about your customers needs. Surveys don’t have to cost anything. If you have an email list, you can build a quick survey to send out using Survey Monkey. It’s free and easy. You can also put the survey on your web site and offer something free for people to take the survey. Since you may not be able to advertise everything during a bad economy, it’s smart to know where to put your money.

3. Call in favors from your vendors. You need to get the biggest bang for your buck. I’m not suggesting hitting up your vendors for such large discounts that it places an undue strain on them. However, get what you can while keeping your relationship good and making sure they stay in business to serve you throughout the downturn.

4. Not all customers are created equal. See who has purchased the most from you and make sure you stay close to them. As your best customers, they should be entitled to any perks you can afford.

5. Stress ROI. All of your campaigns need to convey how your customer will profit from your product. And you need to be as certain as possible that your advertising campaign will pay for itself. When you start a business you obviously need to watch your pennies. However, don’t abandon this practice as you grow your business.

6. Test. Test. Test. Segment your list and try different subject lines, headlines and sub heads. Try different offers. The key is to find the one combination that hits the sweet spot and use that one. This point brings us back to the importance of measuring your results. With limited funds when starting a business you need to know which message gets you the best results.

7. Try to “convert” everyone that comes to your web site. By convert I mean capture their name, company, email, and phone number. Get this valuable marketing information by offering your visitors valuable content. Reports and videos are great things to use. Think about any content and information that would help your customer or prospect succeed – especially in a bad economy.

8. It’s time for family values. When hard times hit, people tend to go back to the nest. Try to position your product in warm, fun, family-oriented scenes. Even if your product doesn’t quite fit that image or is more business oriented, every product will affect someone. The image could even be a coming together of office workers around your product. “Paint the picture” how your product makes a warm, positive impact on someone or something.

Does Using a Higher Octane Gas Improve Fuel Economy?

Does Using a Higher Octane Gas Improve Fuel Economy?

By: Scott Siegel

Is higher octane gas worth the $208.00 increase in gas costs per year? Does the higher octane premium gas result in better mileage? Is better fuel economy attained by using premium gas? Does higher octane gas enable your car run better?

It will cost you $208.00 annually if you fill your car with premium gas instead of regular. The difference between regular fuel and premium fuel is about twenty cents per gallon. Therefore it will cost you $4.00 more per tank if you use premium gasoline instead of regular gasoline. This assumes you have a 20 gallon tank and you fill up about once per week.

Let’s look at the increase in fuel economy question first. The plain and simple answer is absolutely not, higher octane gas does not effect fuel economy at all. The octane number is a rating that has nothing to do with how efficient it is in moving your car.

The octane rating of gasoline is a relative number showing the amount of isooctane in the gasoline as opposed to the amount of heptane in the gasoline. To make it simple, the octane rating is a representation of how much energy it takes to ignite that gasoline. This octane measurement does not indicate the amount of energy the gasoline produces, which would be an indicator of fuel economy. The final answer is:octane rating and increased fuel economy have no relationship whatsoever!

The second question concerning premium gas making your car run better. Does it? The plain and simple answer once again is no, there is absolutely no significant difference in the performance of your car if you use premium gas.

I have to add this one caveat, in regards to performance gain, there is the possibility that your vehicle could show a little horsepower gain with premium gas as opposed to regular gas but it would be so small that it would be almost impossible to notice. This small increase in horsepower really only is there because it can give car makers a little extra marketing fodder by using a claim on horsepower as part of their advertising.

Car manufacturers utilize this slight horsepower gain to market their cars claiming more horsepower by optimizing and designing their cars to take advantage of higher octane premium gasoline’s anti-knock properties. Engineers and car experts agree that if you opt to use regular gasoline in your car designed for premium gasoline, the loss of horsepower is so small, you will not be able to detect any difference.

What if your car manufacturer recommends that you use premium? In this case burning regular instead of premium won’t void the warranty, nor damage the engine, most automakers say.

Next time you go to fill up try regular instead of premium. You will immediately save $4.00. See how your car performs with the regular. If it runs fine and you don’t hear any knocking continue to use regular. You could save $200.00 per year!

Realistic Investing Expectations

Realistic Investing Expectations

By Ioannis Evangelos Haramis

Over the long term stocks have provided us with great average return results. But this average return masks a great deal of volatility, because returns have fluctuated within a very wide band.

This extreme volatility is the chief risk of investing in stocks, but it is a risk that tends to recede from investors’ memories after a lengthy period of generally rising stock prices.

Those investors new to investing in stocks may underestimate the volatility of stocks because volatility has been muted in recent years.

Time greatly reduces, but certainly does not eliminate the volatility in returns from stocks. On the other hand, there is no guarantee that you will earn above average returns even if you hold stocks for two decades or more.

Investors who are relatively new to investing in stocks may benefit from some perspective about bear markets. During the bear markets, Indexes declined an average of 25-35%. Although the average bear market lasted a little longer than 12 months, it took an average of almost 20 months for the Indexes to return to the levels achieved before the market downturns.

Although no one can reliably predict the timing of bear markets (or bull markets, for that matter), a prudent investor should understand the extent to which stock prices can decline and should be prepared to “ride out” these periods when they occur.

The big danger from bear markets is that investors will sell at or near the bottom of the downturn. Those who got out of stocks missed an extraordinary rebound in stock market performance.

Since risk is inescapable when investing in stocks, perhaps the greatest risk is that you will never invest in stocks because you can never be sure when is “the right time” to invest.

Uncertainty is a permanent feature of the investing landscape, and trying to discern the ideal time to invest is almost always a futile exercise.

Planning Starts with the Basics

Planning Starts with the Basics

By Jonathan Citrin

When developing a plan for your finances, the toughest question often is: “Where do I begin?” Before investing in stocks and bonds or buying life insurance, before implementing any change or making any decisions, you first need to analyze and understand your entire financial picture. Two documents allow you to do just that. A Balance Sheet and a Cash Flow Statement enable you to take an in-depth look at your current financial situation and make better decisions about the future. With a little work, you can develop these two tools and be on your way to a solid plan for your finances.

Balance Sheet

A balance sheet is a snapshot of your personal finances at one point in time. It contains two main elements: what you own (assets), and what you owe (liabilities). Your net worth is expressed as: Net Worth = Assets – Liabilities. That is, what you own minus what you owe.

A balance sheet clearly lists all assets and liabilities. Examples of assets include: house, investments such as stocks and bonds, savings and checking accounts, 401(k), IRAs, business interests, artwork, and jewelry, among others. Liabilities include mortgage balances, credit cards, education loans, and any other debt. Once you have created a list of everything you own and everything you owe, simply subtract the sum of the assets from the sum of the liabilities- this is your net worth.

The ultimate goal of most investors is to increase their net worth. The balance sheet is a very useful tool to identify strengths and weaknesses in your current finances, as well as to determine your goals for the future. Someone with a disproportionate amount of liabilities might set a goal to eliminate this debt. On the other hand, someone with a positive net worth (more assets than liabilities) might plan to save and invest towards retirement, college, or another goal.

Cash Flow Statement

After analyzing your balance sheet and determining your goals, you need to decide how to fund these goals. A well formulated plan is one not only with realistic goals, but also a sensible means of achieving them. That is, having goals is good, but you must be able to pay for them. Using a cash flow statement will enable you to determine how to pay for your goals.

A cash flow statement is a detailed look at all money coming in and going out over a period of time. It illustrates what you earn (revenue) and what you spend (expenses). Your net cash flow is expressed as: Net Cash Flow = Revenue – Expenses. That is, what you earn minus what you spend.

Some examples of revenue include: salary and wages, self-employment earnings, dividends, interest, and other investment income. Expenses may include: mortgage payments, rent payments, insurance costs, utilities, clothing, food, child care, alimony or child support, travel, entertainment, loan payments, education costs, taxes, charitable contributions, gifts, and gasoline. After listing all you earn and everything you spend, you can calculate your net cash flow by simply subtracting expenses from revenue.

By analyzing your cash flow statement, you can more easily cut expenses and identify excess net cash to use towards your goals. Generally, someone with negative net cash flow should first concentrate on cutting expenses to achieve positive cash flow before attempting to save or invest towards any future goals. Once positive net cash flow is achieved, excess money can be used directly for funding and achieving your goals.

Porcelain Veneers – What the Buzz is All About

Porcelain Veneers – What the Buzz is All About

By Tara Pingle

For example, if your teeth are crooked, but not crooked enough to justify wearing braces for any length of time, remedy the situation with porcelain veneers. If you have a bit of a gap that mars your smile, but doesn’t drastically destroy it, porcelain veneers may be used to fill that gap quite easily. Porcelain Veneers are a much quicker and more convenient solution to many minor teeth defects, so it’s no wonder why they have been nicknamed “instant orthodontics”!

Why Porcelain?

Porcelain looks like tooth enamel because of the way it deals with light. When light shines on a natural tooth, it travels through the translucent enamel and reflects off of the next tooth layer, the dentin, which is darker yellow in color. This absorption and reflection of light is what gives our teeth that pearly sheen. So it’s no wonder why porcelain has become so popular for use in veneers and a very common material used in cosmetic dentistry.

Dental porcelain, like glass, resists staining. So if you can’t get your day started without two cups of strong coffee, or if you’re attached to that glass of red wine at dinner each night, rest easy about the porcelain in your smile. Those staining substances will scarcely affect it as the years go by. The porcelain used for veneers will typically last as long as the tooth to which it’s bonded. Retaining its shiny white look is no problem for the porcelain in your new, more attractive smile.

What is a Porcelain Veneer?

A Porcelain Veneer is one of the miracles behind modern cosmetic dentistry. It’s a thin, delicate shell of white porcelain that can be easily matched to the shade of your teeth and permanently bonded to the front surface of any tooth. Porcelain Veneers are almost as thin as a contact lens and look very real, which means they achieve instant results without the discomfort and hassle often associated with other procedures, like braces and crowns.

Porcelain Veneers will go unnoticed in your new smile. Light shines on the porcelain, travels through the translucent top layer and reflects off of the layer below, which is the dental bonding that keeps the veneer attached to the tooth. The light can’t travel through the bonding, like the dentin of a natural tooth, so it bounces back, recreating the same pearly sheen seen on natural tooth enamel. Your smile will look as natural as ever before!

The shape of a Porcelain Veneer will vary in order to fix different tooth defects. If the problem is uneven teeth, the veneer will be designed to fix the slightly shorter tooth so that it will once again line up evenly with its neighboring teeth. If the defect is a slightly crooked tooth, the veneer will be shaped slightly thicker at one side, to provide a straight front surface for that tooth. Minor tooth defects are easily repaired with the right Porcelain Veneer.

Warning Signs of a Changing Economy

Warning Signs of a Changing Economy

By Mylinda A. Montroy

With terms like “credit crunch” and “economic turmoil” being used in the everyday vocabulary of most Americans, it’s no wonder both the consumer and the business owner are in panic mode. Consumers are afraid to spend for lack of job security, while business owners have no cash flow coming in due to the lack of spending. It is a vicious cycle. There is no doubt about it; these are tough times we are living in.

There is an upside though. We are being forced to change. Change is hard; however, sometimes the force to change is the best thing for you and your business. It all boils down to your drive. Do you want to live or do you want to die?

As a small business owner myself, I choose to live! In order for my business to not fall into the overwhelming statistic of failure which leads to adding to the unemployment percentage, I have decided to change my entire business strategy. I look at it this way; it’s not about how much money I can make this year… it’s about survival!

I have done my due diligence and found that the new small business stimulus plan Obama announced is where all entrepreneurs and small business owners need to look for guidance. What the plan proposes is to make credit more accessible to the small business owner, if your company is creditworthy that is. What that means to you is if your company is not compliant you will not have access to these stimulus funds. That’s it, point blank. Meaning, the President has issued a warning to all small businesses. Get your businesses creditworthy! Every single lender out there has specific guidelines they follow to be sure the loans they are granting are not just in good faith; but that they are cheap loans to qualified applicants who are able to repay.

Now, more than ever, you have got to separate your business credit from your personal credit. The co-mingling of funds MUST be a thing of the past.

We, as small business owners, are the heart and soul of the US economy! We must come to the realization that there is no-band aid to apply here; a shallow recovery for a deep recession is not going to help matters at all. Understanding the market is imperative right now. While Wall Street seems to be leveling off, the unemployment rates keep rising; and this is a prime result of so many small businesses closing their doors.

The snowball effect of what is happening in the US can definitely be turned around if, and only if, small businesses are able to survive this economic plunge.

Do not be a statistic! Get your business creditworthy!

The easiest and most effective way to do this is to do your due diligence, seek out the professionals in the credit building industry. After all, if you knew how to get your company credit worthy, wouldn’t you have already done it? Not to mention, the step-by-step process is quite structured. If you were to skip a step or even follow the steps out of order, your business would be red-flagged by vendors and lenders alike; you will never access the capital needed to not only grow your business, but you may not even be able to stay afloat the next few months.

It took me more than 5 years, well over $50k and a very undesirable personal credit score to learn I was 100% attached to my company. My personal credit score was dwindling; not because I had failed to pay my bills, but because I was personally guaranteeing every business credit line I had applied for! Who knew that giving my social security number to an office supply store gave them free reign to run my credit report as many times as they deemed necessary? You would venture to think that my attorneys and accountants would… but they never gave me a heads up (”it wasn’t their job”). So as my credit score plummeted, the word “deny” became more and more prevalent, which led to a tremendous amount of frustration. When I finally learned about business credit, I must admit, I felt quite foolish. But however foolish I felt, it definitely didn’t stop me from taking action immediately.

The Economy is in a Rut and So What?

The Economy is in a Rut and So What?

By Tristan Lee

If you turn on the TV, most of what you’ll see is bad news going on in our economy. The reason our economy is in so much debt right now is because of many factors – the cost of the war, people not being able to pay off their house loans, people not being able to buy new houses, people saving every penny for the future, not enough people buying things to keep the economy going, etc.

The effect that the economy is having on people’s lives is basically social paranoia. People are scared to spend money and social media is causing more worry in people than ever.

It is as if we do not have enough stress in our lives, we do not need more sources to inform us that the stock market is going down, unemployment rate is going up, people are losing their jobs every day, houses are being foreclosed every day, companies are going out of business, and the future outlook of our financial lives is going in a downward spiral.

Yet, it seems like people are still obsessed over what is going on in the economy and read about it in the newspaper or watch it on their favorite news channel. I think the best way to get out of this economic depression is to say the economy is in a rut and so what? Even if the economy is doing badly, you really have no control over what happens to our nation or world’s economy. The government does.

And instead of blaming past politicians who have mishandled our nation’s economy, we need to accept that the economy is in a rut right now, and do something about it. To do something about it, we need to realize that just because the economy is down, people still buy things.

Just walk outside and your home and observe your surroundings. Are there still people shopping at malls? Is there still a long line of cars in your nearest fast food drive through? Do you still see people buying overpriced coffee at Starbucks?

If the economy was in a complete meltdown, people would completely stop buying these unnecessary things. The three things we really need in our lives are food, clothes, and shelter. If we can have that, then we can survive despite the drastic downfall of the economy. However, many people still buy things that are unrelated to basic needs for entertainment and leisure purposes. It’s not that people have completely stopped buying things; they are just more careful or selective nowadays to the things that they buy.

So if you can think of what type of things people would be more inclined to buy during these times, the better.

Would people be more inclined to buy a new computer monitor or have it repaired? Are people interesting in learning about new areas to dine out or learning about ways to cook at home and save money? What things do people need that would help them save time?

If you think about it, most people are either being passive and reactive, rather than being aggressive and proactive during these times. Be creative and think of ways where you can start making money passively or on the side.

This can be anything from selling your own informational product, doing some advertising on a high traffic website, selling things on eBay, or buying and reselling websites. During these types, people will want to sell things for cheap.

You never know what kind of value it can have a couple months a year down the line when economy starts to clear up so don’t let each day to pass by through worry; utilize this time to invest in the future.

When you do come up with some ideas, the second thing is to provide value. Nowadays, people will be more selective to the things they buy since money is tighter.

As any of the top principles in business, you’ll need to learn how to exchange something that is worth more value than its price. That’s where you’ll be able to differentiate yourself from everybody else, since everybody else is selling things where the value does not exceed the customer’s expectations, and during these times, customers will look harder and want to be safe that the thing they are getting in return for their money is of good quality and value.

The worst thing you can do is freak out due to worry and paranoia. The Great Depression was the largest economic depression America has ever faced, with the total collapse of global trade, stock market, and heavy industries, affecting exporters and importers, stock brokers, coal miners, and farmers, but there were still some people who pulled out despite this two to three year depression.

To the few successful people who came out of the Depression financially secure, did they let their gloomy surroundings affect them? No, despite all the negatively of the economy back then, which was much worse than it is now, they were still optimistic about the future.

Day by day, they found a way to survive, save money, and make a little bit of money. By 1933, the Great Depression turned around and started to see recovery. These people had survived the greatest economic downturn in our history.

3 Myths About Global Warming

3 Myths About Global Warming

By Martin Kulp

Global warming is a highly charged subject, with many claims held strongly by both sides of the debate. Are these claims accurate? Who is right?

Myth #1: There is a scientific debate about climate change.
In science, the only thing that carries weight are the studies published in the peer-reviewed journals, like Nature and Science. This IS the actual evidence. Blogs, opinions, and articles are simply that: people’s opinions. The Internet is a fountain of misinformation So what does the peer-reviewed evidence say? It’s nearly unanimous in it’s support of man-made global warming. There are very few studies that support a different mechanism. Opinion polls and surveys of scientists are meaningless; creationists use the same tactics to try to manufacture a phony controversy between evolution and creationism. This is not how science is done.

Myth #2: Scientists predicted a coming ice age in the 1970s
Climate science was still in its infancy in the 1970s, however, a look at the peer-reviewed literature shows that most scientists were predicting warming, a few were saying it was too early to tell, and only a small handful predicted cooling. A few popular media outlets picked up on the cooling predictions and, needing drama for their stories, promoted the idea that a new ice age was imminent. For the most part, scientists were predicting warming even back then.

Myth #3: Warming is happening, but its the sun
There is no research that supports the sun being the major marker of climate change in the current warming. Again, there are plenty of opinions, but very little actual research that supports it. Most research has picked up on an anthropogenic signal in the climate.

Many claims against global warming are myths that are simply recycled over and over, no matter how many times they are debunked. The only way to know for sure what is going on in the realm of climate science is to read the scientific journals.